Types of documentaries - Examples + Analysis

1. Docudrama:

A docudrama is a documentary style drama and it is a genre of television film that features real events. It is considered a hybrid of documentary and drama.

"The Social Dilemma" which is a compelling docudrama that skillfully combines documentary investigation with narrative drama. The central theme revolves around the profound social and cultural repercussions of widespread social media usage among ordinary individuals. The film features tech experts hailing from Silicon Valley who raise an urgent alarm regarding the perilous effects of social networking. These experts shed light on the manipulative strategies employed by big tech companies to influence user behavior, emphasizing the significant and potentially harmful impact on society at large. Through a blend of real-life insights and dramatic storytelling, the documentary underscores the pressing need for awareness and critical examination of our digital interactions in the modern era.

(The Social Dilemma, 8:36-9:30)

The animated scenes in "The Social Dilemma" are like visual guides, helping viewers understand complex ideas about how algorithms work and influence user behavior on social media. These animations make the information easier to grasp, engaging, and accessible for a diverse audience. Instead of relying solely on words, the documentary uses animated segments to show the inner workings of algorithms. This visual approach breaks down complicated concepts, making it easier for people with different levels of technical knowledge to follow along. The animations also add a dynamic and interesting element to the documentary, preventing it from becoming too dull or difficult to follow. They serve as educational tools, making the technology-related information more understandable for a broader audience. In summary, the animated sequences play a crucial role in making "The Social Dilemma" more viewer-friendly by visually explaining complex topics and ensuring that the information is accessible and engaging for a wide audience.

(The Social Dilemma, 33:49-35:41)

In this scene, a family sits down for dinner, and the mother decides to create a phone-free environment to enhance their dining experience. She collects everyone's phones, locks them in a box for an hour, and encourages using all five senses during the meal. However, a notification on one of the phones interrupts the peace. The son wants to check it, but the mother insists on staying focused on the present. The youngest daughter expresses a desire for a phone and tries to open the locked box, but the mother prevents her, emphasizing the one-hour lock. Frustrated, the girl smashes the box, retrieves her phone, and goes upstairs. This scene vividly portrays how technology, especially social media, can disrupt family interactions and real-life connections, symbolizing the challenges faced in balancing technology use with meaningful, in-person relationships.

(The Social Dilemma, 38:02-38:59)

In this scene, a little girl takes a selfie and adds filters before sending it to her friends. The friends respond with compliments, praising her appearance. However, one friend makes a hurtful comment, asking if she can make her ear bigger. This unexpected comment upsets the girl, lowering her self-confidence. The scene highlights a common issue where individuals with lower self-esteem seek validation through compliments. It suggests that for some, confidence is tied to external approval. However, it also emphasizes the negative impact of beauty standards, as the girl's confidence is shaken by a single unkind remark. The message conveyed is that everyone is unique and beautiful in their own way, and reliance on external validation, especially through narrow beauty standards, can be detrimental. The scene encourages viewers to appreciate and embrace their individuality rather than seeking validation solely through others' opinions.

Harvard referencing:

Anon, (n.d.). The Social Dilemma (2020) | Watch Free Documentaries Online. [online] Available at: https://watchdocumentaries.com/the-social-dilemma/.

2. Observational documentaries:

An observational documentary is a documentary where the film making is recorded of a realistic everyday life without the filmmakers having an interaction with the subject of the documentary.

"Hoop Dreams," directed by Steve James, unfolds as an observational documentary meticulously filmed over five years. The film intimately follows the journeys of two inner-city African-American teenagers from Chicago, William Gates and Arthur Agee. Both youths travel 90 minutes to attend St. Joseph High School in Westchester, Illinois, a white suburban school renowned for its exceptional basketball program. The documentary vividly captures the dreams of these two Chicago boys who aspire to achieve NBA stardom. Despite facing numerous social and physical challenges, including the demanding commute and the contrasting cultural environments of their home city and school, Gates and Agee persist in their pursuit of basketball excellence. The narrative is enriched by the unwavering support of their families, who stand by them through thick and thin. As the documentary unfolds over the five-year period, viewers witness the highs and lows, triumphs and setbacks, providing a poignant portrayal of the complexities and aspirations of these young athletes. "Hoop Dreams" ultimately offers a powerful exploration of the societal and personal hurdles that shape the pursuit of success in the competitive world of basketball.

(Hoop Dreams, 2:56-3:32)

In this scene, we first see William Gates talking about his dream of playing in the NBA during an interview. The scene then shows a quick clip of him shooting a basketball into the hoop, emphasizing his passion for the game. Next, the focus shifts to interviews with William's mom and brother, both expressing strong support for William due to his love for basketball. They talk about how important his passion is to him, giving viewers a glimpse into the family's encouragement and backing for William's dreams. Overall, the scene highlights William's basketball aspirations and the crucial role his family plays in supporting him. It shows the intersection of personal dreams and the influence of family dynamics in his journey towards becoming a professional basketball player.

(Hoop Dreams, 8:14-11:00)

In this scene, the sequence begins with Arthur Agee being taken to St. Joseph High School for a recruiting visit, providing the coaches an opportunity to observe his performance. While in the car with Earl Smith, who brought him to the high school, Arthur engages in a conversation with Earl. The discussion starts with Earl offering advice to Arthur, and they delve into a conversation about the school. During the chat, Arthur admits to feeling scared about the prospect of attending a new school with different people and races. He explains his apprehension about the unfamiliar environment. The scene then transitions to Arthur and his family seated in the head basketball coach's office. The coach outlines details about the program, setting the stage for the recruitment process. Subsequently, the scene captures a glimpse of all the recruited individuals engaging in basketball activities. Following the basketball session, they gather to listen to player Isiah Thomas, adding a motivational and informative element to the visit. The scene concludes with Arthur participating in a basketball round with Isiah Thomas, providing a dynamic and engaging conclusion to the recruiting experience.

(Hoop Dreams, 50:17-52-27)

In this scene, the focus is on William, who undergoes an MRI scan to diagnose a medical issue. The results reveal that his cartilage requires stitching, and as a consequence, he receives the disheartening news that he won't be able to participate in basketball for the next 12-16 weeks. Subsequently, he is taken to the Operations room, where medical professionals administer an intravenous (IV) treatment before commencing with the surgery. After the surgery is completed, William regains consciousness. The doctor informs him that the procedure was successful, and they were able to repair the cartilage issue. This part of the scene provides a moment of relief and optimism for William, as the medical intervention has addressed the problem and offers a prospect of returning to the basketball court in the future. The depiction of the medical journey, from diagnosis through surgery and recovery, adds a layer of realism to William's narrative, emphasizing the challenges and setbacks athletes may encounter on their path to achieving their goals. The scene underscores the resilience required in facing unexpected health issues and the importance of successful medical interventions in facilitating a comeback to one's chosen pursuits.

3. Expository documentaries:

An Expository documentary is a documentary that informs the audience on a specific topic/point of view, issue or argument about a subject which is often spoken by the narrator directing to the audience.

"The Blue Planet" is an illuminating expository documentary that employs captivating underwater photography to delve into the natural history of the world's oceans. The filmmaker skillfully unravels the intricate dynamics of marine life, taking viewers on a mesmerizing journey beneath the waves. Through stunning visuals and insightful narration, the documentary provides a comprehensive exploration of the diverse ecosystems that exist within the Earth's oceans. From the mysterious depths to the sunlit shallows, "The Blue Planet" offers a glimpse into the fascinating and often unseen world beneath the surface. The film's focus extends beyond the sheer beauty of underwater landscapes, as it delves into the complex interactions and behaviors of marine creatures. Through a combination of scientific observation and cinematic storytelling, viewers gain a deeper understanding of the interconnected web of life that thrives in these aquatic environments. In essence, "The Blue Planet" serves as a visually captivating and educational journey, shedding light on the wonders and complexities of the marine realm, all while embracing the distinctive and spellbinding charm of underwater cinematography.

(The Blue Planet, 3:15-3:54)

The scene unfolds with seagulls gracefully diving into the water, transitioning to a vast ocean filled with a bustling community of sea animals. A narrator notes that the ocean occupies 97% of Earth's inhabitable space by volume. The marine life is showcased in a dynamic display, with fish and other creatures swimming in coordinated patterns, portraying the interdependence of the ecosystem. The mood shifts as the pace quickens, illustrating the challenges of survival in the ocean. Dolphins are spotlighted, hunting for fish with remarkable speed and agility. The climax features a captivating moment of dolphins capturing their prey, emphasizing the circle of life in the marine world. The scene concludes with a visually striking image of fishes swimming in circular formations, symbolizing the intricate balance of marine life. As the camera pulls back, the vastness of the ocean is reaffirmed, leaving viewers with a profound appreciation for the diverse and dynamic world beneath the waves.

(The Blue Planet, 8:06-9:06)

The scene begins with the narrator stating that the ocean is always in motion due to powerful currents like the Gulf Stream, which circulate water globally and influence the distribution of nutrients and marine life. The focus then shifts to an isolated island in the Pacific, positioned atop a vast underwater mountain rising from the sea floor. The narrator highlights the island's connection to the deep ocean, accompanied by visuals of fishes gracefully navigating the ocean depths. Overall, the scene provides a glimpse into the constant movement and fascinating landscapes of the ocean, emphasizing the interdependence of its various elements.

(The Blue Planet, 28:22-29:20)

The scene opens with the man noting the monthly influence of the moon's cycle on the tides, affecting various aspects of the ocean. He explains that this lunar influence plays a role in significant events such as the spawning of corals and the breeding cycles of fish. The narrative then shifts to the annual cycle of the sun, with the man highlighting how the sun's changing position throughout the year causes distinct seasons. The man provides examples to illustrate this annual cycle. He mentions that in Alaska, the ocean undergoes a noticeable transformation, turning green during a specific part of the year. The scene captures the beauty of this natural phenomenon, showcasing the impact of celestial cycles on the ocean's appearance and ecosystem. In summary, the scene emphasizes the interconnected relationship between celestial cycles, such as the moon's monthly influence and the sun's annual cycle, and their effects on various aspects of the ocean, from tides to seasonal transformations.

Harvard referencing:

Anon, (2001). The Blue Planet (2001) | Watch Free Documentaries Online. [online] Available at: https://watchdocumentaries.com/the-blue-planet/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2024].

4. Interactive documentaries:

An interactive documentary is a digital form of non-fictional storytelling which allows the audience to engage with the content in an active way.

"GROW: Infinite's real youth life" is an interactive documentary showcasing behind-the-scenes footage of K-POP group Infinite's world tour across 11 countries and 17 cities. The members open up about their challenges and bottled-up emotions, often shedding tears in reflective moments. The documentary provides a raw and genuine look at the human side of the group's journey, allowing viewers to connect on a personal level. The interactive format enhances the experience, making it an engaging exploration of the real-life struggles and triumphs of Infinite's youth in the K-POP industry.

(GROW: Infinite's real youth life, 0:17-1:25)

In this particular scene, the narrator highlights the culmination of Infinite's world tour in Dubai, the last city on their journey. The footage captures each member preparing for the stage with just an hour to go before the concert begins. As the members step onto the stage, the narrator notes the mysterious expressions on their faces, hinting at the anticipation and emotion surrounding the final performance. The documentary then transitions seamlessly to the start of the concert, with the narrator calling out each member's name. Simultaneously, the names of the cities visited during the world tour dramatically pop up on the screen one by one. This cinematic touch adds a sense of grandeur and significance to the journey, emphasizing the global scope of their tour. The combination of behind-the-scenes glimpses, the members' expressions, and the dramatic display of city names creates a powerful and emotionally charged moment in the documentary, offering viewers a unique perspective on the lead-up to the grand finale of their world tour in Dubai.

(GROW: Infinite's real youth life, 22:15-23:04)

In this scene, set in the dressing room before their concert in Manila, Philippines, the focus is on Woohyun, one of the members of the K-POP group Infinite. The group's leader calls Woohyun aside for a private conversation, specifically inquiring about a new song he's been working on. During their exchange, Woohyun shares that the song holds particular significance for him as it revolves around the narrative of their first world tour. Being a singer, he expresses his desire to encapsulate the essence of their global journey within the lyrics. This glimpse into the creative process sheds light on Woohyun's dedication to using his musical talents to tell a meaningful story about their experiences during the world tour. This moment in the dressing room adds a personal touch to the documentary, revealing the members' commitment to expressing their journey through their artistry, and offering a behind-the-scenes look at the collaborative efforts that contribute to the emotional resonance of their performances.

(GROW: Infinite's real youth life, 56:39-58:43)

In this scene, during a solo performance by one of the members on stage, the leader Sungkyu is shown entering the dressing room looking visibly tired. He shares that he's experiencing stomach pain, speculating that it might be due to indigestion caused by eating during rehearsal. Sungkyu opens up about his apprehensions related to his solo performance, particularly when singing the song "60 seconds," which he reveals had caused him trauma in the past. Despite these challenges, he manages to deliver a commendable performance. After leaving the stage, Sungkyu expresses relief, acknowledging that he performed well. To alleviate the pain, he mentions taking some medicine before the performance. This scene provides a candid glimpse into the physical and emotional toll of the members' intense schedules, highlighting Sungkyu's dedication to overcoming personal challenges for the sake of the performance. It adds a layer of authenticity to the documentary, showcasing the resilience and professionalism of the K-POP group members in the face of obstacles.

5. Performative documentaries:

A performative documentary is when the events that are in the film like the narration are influenced by the filmmaker.

"Super Size Me," directed by Morgan Spurlock, is a noteworthy example of a performative documentary that investigates the influence of the fast-food industry. In this film, Spurlock actively involves himself in the exploration of the consequences of consuming a McDonald's meal every day for an entire month. This participatory approach sets the documentary apart from traditional observational styles. Throughout the 30-day experiment, Spurlock becomes a central figure, not only documenting the physical effects on his health but also sharing his personal experiences, challenges, and reflections. By immersing himself in the narrative, Spurlock provides a more subjective and relatable perspective on the broader issues surrounding fast food. The documentary aims to highlight the potential health risks associated with a diet dominated by fast food while simultaneously engaging the audience with the filmmaker's own journey. Through this performative lens, "Super Size Me" effectively combines personal storytelling with a critical examination of the fast-food industry, offering viewers a more immersive and thought-provoking experience.

(Super Size Me, 0:24-0:46)

In this delightful scene, a group of children is seated together outdoors, engaging in a cheerful song where they playfully mention popular fast-food chains such as Pizza Hut, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and McDonald's. The lyrics of the song express the children's genuine enthusiasm for food, emphasizing their particular fondness for items from these well-known eateries. The scene provides a charming insight into the children's love for eating, showcasing their innocent joy and appreciation for the simple pleasures associated with fast food. Their animated singing and mention of these recognizable brands reflect the influence of globalized food culture on even the youngest members of society. This lighthearted moment not only adds a touch of playfulness to the documentary but also serves as a universal and relatable portrayal of the widespread appeal that fast food holds, even among children. It captures the essence of shared enjoyment and the universal connection people have with the pleasures of indulging in their favorite meals.

(Super Size Me, 23:50-24:39)

In this scene, Kelly Brownell, a PhD holder working at Yale Center for Eating and Weight Disorders, asserts his belief that our current environment predisposes us to illness, particularly in the context of increasing weight gain. He points out the prevalence of an obesity epidemic affecting around 60% of the American population, including a concerning number of children. Brownell describes this environment as toxic, characterized by ready access to inexpensive, high-fat foods. An alarming illustration of this is the fact that gas stations often sell more candy and sodas than fuel, with over 3 million soda machines scattered across the United States. The narrator emphasizes how the world has transformed into a place where people heavily rely on cars for transportation. Additionally, some individuals perceive walking as a burdensome task, leading them to opt for wheelchairs instead. This dependency on cars and aversion to physical activity contribute to the broader issue of a sedentary lifestyle, further exacerbated by the widespread availability of unhealthy food choices in the environment.

(Super Size Me, 44:31-45:49)

In this scene, the man conducts interviews with several children, prefacing the activity by informing them that he will display pictures and they need to guess the person depicted. The first picture features George Washington, and impressively, four out of five students correctly identify him. However, when presented with an unfamiliar face in the second picture, none of the children can recognize the individual, though one attempts a guess without success. Moving on, the third picture features Wendy, and three out of the children correctly identify her. The following picture depicts Ronald McDonald, and to the delight of the interviewer, all five children not only guess correctly but also enthusiastically recall where they have seen him. This light-hearted exercise reveals the varying levels of familiarity children have with different personalities, showcasing their awareness of iconic figures from different walks of life.

6. Reflexive documentaries:

A reflexive documentary is a documentary that emphasizes self-awareness. In reflexive documentaries the filmmakers are included within the film.

"Exit Through the Gift Shop" is a reflexive documentary featuring Thierry Guetta, a French immigrant in Los Angeles who records street artists, with encouragement from the street artist Banksy to become an artist himself. However, Banksy later questions the authenticity of Guetta's artistic pursuits. The documentary takes a turn as Banksy becomes the subject, and the film explores themes of the art world, celebrity, and the essence of art. With a clever blend of documentary and satire, the film engages viewers to reflect on the meaning of art and raises inquiries about the roles of artists and audiences in shaping the artistic landscape.

(Exit Through the Gift Shop, 4:32-5:43)

In this scene, Thierry Guetta expresses his deep attachment to his video camera, emphasizing that he cannot go anywhere without it. He recounts the moment he first acquired the camera, highlighting that since then, it became an irreplaceable obsession for him. Guetta explains that once he picks up the camera, he cannot let it go, capturing every aspect of his life and every place he visits. His commitment to documenting extends to his family, as he reveals setting up cameras in his home to gather video memories of his children growing up. Thierry's wife adds to the narrative, noting that even when he takes photographs, he does so in a video-like manner, capturing multiple images simultaneously. She describes his approach as bordering on obsession, emphasizing the extent to which the camera has become an integral part of Thierry's life and the unique way he chooses to document his experiences.

(Exit Through the Gift Shop, 24:40-25:36)

In this scene, Thierry is depicted in a room filled with video tapes containing the recordings from his camera. He explains that, regardless of the quality of the videos, he keeps all the tapes and stores them in boxes. Sometimes, he writes on the tapes, but other times he doesn't, showcasing the sheer volume of his collection. Thierry shares that he has no intention of watching the videos, emphasizing that once the filming is done, it's a completed chapter for him. He asserts that the significance lies not in how the videos were made, but rather in the content they capture. This approach reflects Thierry's unique perspective on his extensive video collection, treating it as a repository of memories and experiences rather than a body of work to be revisited. The scene offers a glimpse into his unconventional relationship with his recordings, emphasizing their value as a testament to moments in time.

(Exit Through the Gift Shop, 1:04:02-1:04:40)

In this scene, Thierry is depicted attempting to hang a large piece of artwork on a wall when he unfortunately falls off a ladder, resulting in an injury. The severity of the incident necessitates a visit to the emergency room. The subsequent scene shows Thierry in a hospital setting, where a doctor informs him that he has fractured a bone in his foot. Following the diagnosis, Thierry undergoes surgery to address the injury. After the procedure, he receives advice from medical professionals to take things at a slower pace, indicating the importance of allowing sufficient time for recovery. The episode sheds light on the physical toll of Thierry's intense involvement in his artistic pursuits and the need for him to prioritize his health. This moment of vulnerability and the subsequent advice to slow down add a human touch to Thierry's story, illustrating the impact of his passionate dedication to his work on his well-being.

Conventions of documentaries

1. Focaliser

A focaliser in a documentary refers to the person, group, or subject that the film primarily focuses on. An example of a documentary with a focaliser is "Nanook of the North," directed by Robert J. Flaherty in 1922. In this film, the focaliser is Nanook, an Inuk man living in the Canadian Arctic. The documentary intimately explores Nanook's daily life, including hunting, building igloos, and navigating the challenges of the harsh environment. Through Flaherty's lens, Nanook becomes the central figure around whom the narrative revolves, providing a window into the cultural practices and survival strategies of the Inuit people. The use of a focaliser helps to anchor the documentary's storytelling, offering a personal and human perspective on the broader themes and topics covered in the film.

2. Voiceover

A voiceover is a narrative technique in filmmaking where a voice is heard on the soundtrack without the corresponding visual presence of the speaker. This method is often used in documentaries to provide information, commentary, or context. An example of a documentary employing voiceover is "When the Plow Broke the Plains and The River." In these films, the narrator's voice guides the audience through the historical events depicted, offering insights and connecting scenes. The use of voiceover allows for a more informative and cohesive storytelling approach, enhancing the viewer's understanding of the subject matter without the need for a visible narrator on screen.

3. Interviews

Interviews in documentaries involve engaging with individuals relevant to the subject matter, providing valuable insights, perspectives, and personal experiences. "Fahrenheit 9/11," directed by Michael Moore, is a prime example. In this documentary, Moore conducts interviews with various people, including political figures, experts, and everyday citizens. These interviews serve to explore and critique the political decisions and events following the 9/11 attacks, particularly focusing on the Iraq War and the Bush administration's response. By incorporating interviews, the documentary not only presents factual information but also humanizes the narrative, offering a diverse range of voices and viewpoints to enhance the audience's understanding of the complex issues at hand.

4. Archival footage

Archival footage refers to historical materials such as photographs, newsreel footage, and scenes from fiction films that are preserved for future reference. An illustrative example is "The Atomic Cafe," a documentary film compiled from archival footage of the 1940s and 1950s. The documentary skillfully captures the prevailing Cold War anxiety in America regarding the threat of an atomic bomb. By piecing together snippets from various sources, "The Atomic Cafe" provides a unique and compelling insight into the fears and sentiments of that era, using authentic visuals to recreate the atmosphere of the time.

5. Re-enactment of activities

Re-enactments in documentaries involve the recreation of real events that have occurred in the past. This technique may feature individuals who experienced the events firsthand, but it often involves actors playing roles to represent the original participants. An illustrative documentary that incorporates re-enactments is "The Thin Blue Line." In this film, re-enactments are utilized to reconstruct scenes related to a criminal case, providing a visual representation of the events under scrutiny. By blending actual participants and actors, the documentary aims to present a compelling and detailed narrative, offering viewers a visual context for the events discussed. Re-enactments can enhance the storytelling aspect of a documentary and help convey the complexity of real-life situations.

6. Real people

Real people, or actual individuals, play a crucial role in documentaries as they provide firsthand accounts, perspectives, and authenticity to the narrative. An example of a documentary that prominently features real people is "Roger & Me." In this film, directed by Michael Moore, real individuals from Flint, Michigan, where Moore himself is from, are interviewed and share their experiences amid the economic decline and job loss caused by factory closures. The documentary follows Moore's quest to interview Roger Smith, the CEO of General Motors, and addresses the impact of corporate decisions on the lives of ordinary citizens. By incorporating real people and their stories, "Roger & Me" aims to shed light on the human consequences of economic changes, creating a powerful and relatable portrayal of a community in crisis.

7. Jiggly camera

A jiggly camera, often referred to as handheld or shaky camera, is a filming technique where the camera is deliberately made to appear unsteady or wobbly. This approach is frequently employed in documentaries to create a sense of immediacy and realism. An instance of this technique can be observed in the fiction film "The Blair Witch Project." The movie utilized a shaky camera to simulate the characters' handheld camcorders as they navigate through the eerie woods, adding a feeling of authenticity and heightening the suspense for the audience. This technique is known for immersing viewers in the story and can contribute to a more visceral and engaging cinematic experience.

8. Talking heads

Talking heads in the context of media refer to individuals who are interviewed to provide explanations or commentary on a particular subject. Typically, these individuals are shown speaking directly to the camera, often in their offices or homes, offering insights and perspectives. An exemplar of this approach can be found in the documentary "Hearts and Minds," where interviews with both American and Vietnamese people are featured. By including diverse voices from different sides of the Vietnam War, the documentary aims to present a comprehensive view of the conflict. This use of talking heads allows the audience to hear firsthand accounts and opinions, adding depth and authenticity to the narrative.

Harvard referencing:

Documentary Site (2020). Documentary Conventions. [online] Documentary Site. Available at: https://www.documentarysite.com/2020/02/01/documentary-conventions/.

Elucidate Education. (n.d.). Documentary Conventions. [online] Available at: https://www.elucidate.org.au/content/documentary-conventions#:~:text=Interviews%3A%20Interviews%20involve%20talking%20to [Accessed 23 Feb. 2024].

Secondary research

Introduction

I will be conducting a secondary research to explore further on the current knowledge of World Oceans Day. I will be using 2 different videos about World Oceans Day and talk about each video, I will also be gathering some information about World Oceans Day from a few websites.

World Oceans Day | School Assemblies | PSHE | BBC Teach

The video highlights that World's Ocean Day occurs annually on June 8th, urging people worldwide to ponder the ocean's importance and ways to safeguard it. Encompassing 70% of our planet and 97% of its water, the ocean is divided into five regions: the Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Southern Ocean. Notably, 80% of the underwater world remains unexplored. Marine life faces threats like rising water temperatures, pollution, and over fishing. Global warming raises water temperatures, risking the survival of certain species. Plastic pollution also endangers marine animals, leading to entanglement or ingestion. Adopting alternatives or recycling plastics can address these challenges.

Announcing UN World Oceans Day 2023: Planet Ocean

In the video, the speaker initially points out that Earth is the only planet known to be enveloped by the ocean, emphasizing its role in supporting a diverse array of life. He highlights the interdependence by mentioning that humans carry the same ocean water in our breath and blood. The video promotes the United Nations World Oceans Day event, encouraging people to join the United Nations in discovering the depth of Earth's significance. It urges individuals to unite in prioritizing the ocean, emphasizing that we inhabit a Blue planet and it is time to take action accordingly.

Marine Biodiversity:

Marine biodiversity refers to the variety of life in the ocean, including animals, plants, and microorganisms. Some areas, called biological "hotspots," are rich in different and rare species. These places play important roles in processes like spawning and serve as nurseries or feeding areas. Some species found there are unique to those regions, highlighting the need for preservation. However, marine biodiversity faces significant threats, such as over fishing, by-catch, climate change, pollution, invasive species, and other human impacts. Over fishing, especially in the last 50 years, has had the most severe impact, leading to the extinction of many species. The overall effect of these risks is detrimental, reducing biodiversity and limiting the benefits provided to people, including food and cultural value. To protect marine biodiversity, simple steps can be taken, like choosing sustainable seafood, reducing plastic use, recycling, cutting carbon emissions, cleaning up beach litter, supporting sustainable fishing, and promoting ocean literacy. Being "ocean-literate" means understanding the essential principles of how the oceans work. Taking these actions collectively helps preserve and sustainably manage marine biodiversity.

Harvard referencing:

Australia & New Zealand - English. (n.d.). Marine biodiversity. [online] Available at: https://www.msc.org/en-au/what-we-are-doing/oceans-at-risk/marine-biodiversity#:~:text=Marine%20biodiversity%20is%20the%20variety.

Plastic pollution in oceans:

Plastic pollution is a significant environmental problem due to the surge in disposable plastic production, exceeding our ability to manage it effectively. This issue is notably visible in Asian and African nations with inefficient garbage collection systems, and developed countries, especially those with low recycling rates, also struggle to handle discarded plastics. Annually, an astounding 8 million tons of plastic waste find their way into the oceans, posing a grave threat to wildlife. Millions of animals, including birds, fishes, and marine organisms, suffer fatal consequences. Potential solutions include governmental measures like banning specific plastic products, designing items for sustainability, promoting reusable plastics, encouraging the use of fabric bags, and advocating for non-plastic utensils and dishes.

Harvard referencing:

Parker, L. (2019). The world’s plastic pollution crisis explained. [online] National Geographic. Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/plastic-pollution.

unep.org. (n.d.). Visual Feature | Beat Plastic Pollution. [online] Available at: https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiAz8GuBhCxARIsAOpzk8w3BnF7z1hzt0fjw11YGMaiZu_w5sa498wptLCpN5UmJ-8BO7zL__IaArMhEALw_wcB [Accessed 21 Feb. 2024].

Coral reefs:

Coral polyps, the creatures primarily responsible for constructing coral reefs, exhibit diverse forms, ranging from large reef-building colonies and graceful flowing fans to small solitary organisms. Numerous coral species inhabit warm, shallow tropical seas and cold, dark ocean depths. Coral reef ecosystems offer various benefits, such as protecting coastlines from storms and erosion, providing employment for local communities, serving as recreational spaces, and supplying food and potential medicinal resources. Approximately half a billion people rely on coral reefs for sustenance, income, and coastal protection. However, coral reef ecosystems face threats, both natural and anthropogenic. Natural threats include diseases, predators, and storms, while human-induced threats encompass pollution, sedimentation, unsustainable fishing practices, and climate change, which elevates ocean temperatures and leads to ocean acidification. These stressors can result in coral bleaching or even coral death. While corals can recover from bleaching if conditions improve before their demise, the healing process for coral reef ecosystems may take several years.

Harvard referencing:

www.noaa.gov. (2019). Coral reef ecosystems | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [online] Available at: https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/marine-life/coral-reef-ecosystems#:~:text=Coral%20reefs%20are%20some%20of.

Ocean and climate change:

The ocean plays a central role in Earth's climate regulation, having absorbed approximately 93% of the additional energy from the enhanced greenhouse effect. Warming is observed at depths of 1000 m. Changes in ocean temperature lead to increased ocean stratification (preventing water mixing due to different properties and masses), alterations in ocean current regimes, and the expansion of oxygen-depleted zones. These changes impact global weather patterns, resulting in a rise in the frequency of extreme events. Atmospheric warming contributes to the melting of inland glaciers and ice, alongside rising sea levels, significantly affecting shorelines and coastal human settlements. The consequences that were led by these include coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion, and habitat destruction.

Harvard referencing:

IUCN. (2017). The ocean and climate change. [online] Available at: https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/ocean-and-climate-change.

Blue Economy:

The Blue Economy concept aims to foster economic growth, social inclusion, and the preservation of livelihoods, all while ensuring the environmental sustainability of oceans and coastal areas. It aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 14, 'Life Below Water,' which strives to conserve and sustainably use oceans, seas, and marine resources. This goal outlines seven targets for achieving a sustainable ocean economy by 2030. However, progress toward this objective has been limited. There have been modest improvements in the sustainability of fisheries, and there's been an expansion of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Nevertheless, these protected areas only encompass approximately 7.5% of the oceans. The Blue Economy holds promise for sustainable growth, particularly in the realm of 'blue food,' which involves environmentally friendly methods such as fisheries, seaweed cultivation, fish aquaculture, and fish mariculture. These practices can contribute to sustainable food production from the oceans, meeting the needs of a growing global population while alleviating pressure on land-based food systems.

Harvard referencing:

ECO Canada. (2021). What is the Blue Economy? [online] Available at: https://eco.ca/blog/what-is-the-blue-economy/.

McBain, D. (2023). What Is the Blue economy? [online] Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. Available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-the-role-of-the-blue-economy-in-a-sustainable-future/#:~:text=The%20blue%20economy%2C%20or%20the.

Oceans in art and literature:

The portrayal of oceans in art has been a significant aspect, with both concepts intricately linked for centuries. Artists have delved deeper into the seas and its diverse species, seeking inspiration for their works and collections. Their art underscores the vital importance of safeguarding the oceans as humanity's precious natural heritage. The representation of oceans in literature encompasses various forms, including sea stories, novels, and adventure literature. Notable works such as Robinson Crusoe, Moby-Dick, and the watery science fictions penned by Jules Verne contribute to raising awareness and understanding of the sea and ocean-related issues. This creative expression plays a crucial role in transforming attitudes, especially considering that before the nineteenth century, people viewed the ocean utilitarianly, portraying it as dangerous, repellent, ugly, and unsuitable for artistic or literary representation. However, as exploration expanded, attitudes shifted, marking a change in how people perceived and appreciated the ocean.

Harvard referencing:

Orca. (n.d.). Art and the ocean. Two related concepts. [online] Available at: https://www.orca.com/en-int/blog/art-and-ocean [Accessed 21 Feb. 2024].

The National Endowment for the Humanities. (n.d.). The Blue Humanities. [online] Available at: https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/mayjune/feature/the-blue-humanities.

Marine technology and exploration:

Advancements in marine technology encompass the creation of submersibles and Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs), ushering in fresh opportunities for deep-sea exploration. With the proliferation of computers and digital technology, marine scientists and engineers can now design intricate systems for tasks such as data collection, analysis, and communication. These technological strides have been pivotal in enhancing maritime research and operations. In oceanography and marine research, these technologies play a crucial role in undertaking intricate tasks like mapping the ocean floor, monitoring marine ecosystems, and inspecting underwater infrastructure.

Harvard referencing:

Porwal, R. (2023). Advancements in Marine Technology. [online] Shipfinex. Available at: https://www.shipfinex.com/blog/marine-or-shipping-technology.

Conclusion

Following my secondary research, I gained insights into various facets of the ocean. Some revelations were particularly enlightening, such as the substantial portion of the ocean that remains undiscovered. Additionally, I acquired new knowledge across diverse topics related to the ocean, including marine biodiversity, coral reefs, and other pertinent subjects.

Primary research

Introduction

I plan to administer a survey to members of the GNS community, encompassing students, with a focus on inquiries related to World Oceans Day. This survey will serve as a pivotal element of my primary research, aiming to understand what people think about the Ocean and ocean-related issues. To present the findings, I intend to utilize pie charts, which will effectively illustrate the distribution of responses across various options chosen by participants.

Questionnaire

Question 1:

Question 2:

Question 3:

Question 4:

Question 5:

Question 7:

Question 9:

Question 11:

Question 13:

Question 6:

Question 8:

Question 10:

Question 12:

Question 14:

Question 15:

Conclusion

After conducting the survey for my secondary research, I found some key insights. Most respondents, especially those aged 36-45, enjoy the ocean and occasionally visit the beach. Many are aware of the threats our oceans face and are conscious about not littering, understanding the harmful impact of plastic pollution. On average, people rated their knowledge of marine biodiversity at 3/5 and recognized the effects of climate change on oceans. Though many prefer passive beach activities like swimming, a significant number actively pick up trash, emphasizing the importance of beach protection. Surprisingly, a considerable portion of respondents hadn't heard of sustainable seafood. On a positive note, most expressed a liking for dolphins, and there's widespread enjoyment and appreciation for the natural beauty of the oceans.

Introduction

As opposed to older students or adults, younger students typically have different and unique opinions and experiences, therefore I intend to conduct an interview with Year 5 and Year 6 primary students.

Primary student interview

There were 5 interviewees, all from Year 5 & Year 6

Question 1: Why is it important to take care of the ocean?

Student 1: "For the animals to have a clean and safe home."

Student 2: "It's important because if we don't it might become dirty and the fish won't be happy."

Student 3: "Because it gives us clean air to breathe."

Student 4: "The ocean is like a very big family, and families don't hurt each other they take care of each other."

Student 5: "Litter in the ocean can hurt the animals and make them sad."

Question 2: What is a nice memory that you had at a beach?

Student 1: "I once saw dolphins leaping out of the water, it was so fun!"

Student 2: "I spent the night at the beach with my family and we roasted marshmallows while talking and looking at the beautiful view of the ocean."

Student 3: "I tried Jet ski with my older brother, it was scary but i enjoyed it."

Student 4: "Me and my older brother went to pick up some of the litter on the beach together"

Student 5: "I built a sandcastle with my siblings and we decorated it with seashells, we also made a trail from around around sandcastle to the water so that it is surrounded with water, we had so much fun!"

Question 3: How can we encourage people to protect the oceans?

Student 1: "Teach them not to throw trash in the ocean."

Student 2: "Use less plastic."

Student 3: "Organize a beach cleanup for it to be cleaner."

Student 4: "Put nice posters in the beaches that encourages people not to throw their trash."

Student 5: "People can share information and tips on their social media accounts to encourage more people."

Question 4: What's the first thing that comes to your mind when you think about the ocean ?

Student 1: "I imagine dolphins leaping out of the water."

Student 2: "Colorful fish swimming in the water."

Student 3: "I remember the different kinds of animals living underwater."

Student 4: "The sound of the waves."

Student 5: "Building sandcastles."

Question 5: What is your favorite thing to do at the beach?

Student 1: "I enjoy swimming with my family."

Student 2: "I enjoy spending time with my family."

Student 3: "I enjoy riding the Jet ski with my older brother."

Student 4: "I enjoy listening to the sound of the waves whilst spending time with my family."

Student 5: "I enjoy building sandcastles and decorating them."

Question 6: 7. How would you rate your knowledge on Marine Biodiversity ( Which is the variety of life in the ocean, like animals, plants, and microorganisms)?

Student 1: 3/5

Student 2: 2/5

Student 3: 2/5

Student 4: 3/5

Student 5: 1/5

Conclusion

Five students participated in the interviews where they were posed six questions regarding The Ocean. All of the student responded to the questions in a very good manner and they were all happy and excited when answering the questions, the responses made by them were all related to the questions and nothing unrelated was mentioned. Enhancing the interview process could have entailed incorporating follow-up questions to gain deeper insights.

Initial ideas

For my initial idea I will be choosing to film an observational documentary. The captivating documentary "Eternal Tides" takes viewers around the world to explore the significance of World Oceans Day. The documentary explores the complex link between humanity and the oceans.

The documentary portrays a filmmaker as they explore various islands, coastal areas, and hotspots for marine conservation throughout the world. The beauty of marine life, the fragility of coastal ecosystems threatened by pollution, overfishing, and climate change, and the vastness of coral reefs are all seen personally by viewers. The documentary also showcases the innovative solutions and neighborhood-based initiatives that are being developed to safeguard and enhance the health of the ocean. It demonstrates the tenacity and resolve of individuals and organisations fighting to protect our oceans.

The documentary starts with a black screen that has the title of the documentary which then fades to the opening shot where I will be filming the beach during daytime when the sun is out for a better view, the shot will be stable where the camera films from the sky going down slowly to show the ocean.

I will then do a brief introduction explaining the importance of oceans to life on earth and I will include a wide shot capturing the surrounding of the beach, a shot of traditional fishing nets, a shot of yachts and jet skis, close up of fresh seafood being sold at markets.

I will include an animation of the earth with text written next to it conveying essential facts and statistics about the ocean with a voiceover of the facts or statistics.

Then I will talk about the marine biodiversity to show the diversity of marine life, I will try to include some close up shots of sea creatures.

Then I will talk about the threats facing our oceans like plastic pollution, overfishing, and climate change. I will include some statistics and visuals to show its impact on the marine ecosystems. I will include a shot of the beach covered in plastic, statistics on screen that are put on images of plastic pollution mentioning the amount of plastic entering our oceans each year.

Then I will be interviewing people at school and at home asking them what they do for sustainability and let them talk about their personal commitment and actions that they engage with and advocate for ocean conservation in their daily lives. I will interview teachers, students and my family members that are interested in sustainability. some of the interviewees will be interviewed in the school, some at home and some at the beach.

Then I will end the documentary by talking about the efforts that need to be made to protect the ocean encouraging the viewers, I will include some tips to reduce plastic usage and participate in beach cleanups. I will show some clips of people substituting plastics, people recycling and people picking up trash at beach

The ending shot that I will take for the documentary will be a shot going up from the beach to the sky and then fading out to a black screen.

“Eternal Tides” inspires viewers to safeguard and appreciate the oceans in their own communities. The documentary aims to ignite a global movement for positive change on World Oceans Day.